1881 Census of England and Wales, Tables: Ages, Condition as to Marriage, Occupations and Birthplaces of people, Table 10 : " Occupations of Males and Females in the Division and its Registration Counties".

List Cumberland RegC Carlisle RegD/PLU
OCCUPATIONS. Males.
[1]
Females.
[2]
1. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE GENERAL OR LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTRY. 234 Show data context 22 Show data context
  Civil Service (officers and clerks) 77 Show data context 10 Show data context
  Civil Service (messengers, &c.) 50 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Prison Service, &c. 10 Show data context 5 Show data context
  Police 61 Show data context -
  Municipal, Parish, Union, District, Officer 30 Show data context 6 Show data context
  Other Local or County Official 6 Show data context -
2. PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE DEFENCE OF THE COUNTRY. 334 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Army Officer (effective/retired) 23 Show data context -
  Soldier and Non-commissioned officer 232 Show data context -
  Militia, Yeomanry, Volunteers 48 Show data context -
  Army Pensioner 23 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Navy Officer (effective/retired) 2 Show data context -
  Seaman, R.N. 2 Show data context -
  Royal Marines (officers/men) 1 Show data context -
  Navy Pensioner 3 Show data context -
3. PERSONS ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS (WITH THEIR IMMEDIATE SUBORDINATES). 422 Show data context 304 Show data context
  Clergymen (Established Church) 36 Show data context -
  Roman Catholic Priest 3 Show data context -
  Minister, Priest of other religious bodies 10 Show data context -
  Missionary, Scripture Reader, Itinerant preacher 9 Show data context 4 Show data context
  Nun, Sister of Charity - 5 Show data context
  Church, chapel, cemetery - officer, servant 5 Show data context -
  Barrister, Solicitor 26 Show data context -
  Law Student 1 Show data context -
  Law Clerk, and others connected with the law 48 Show data context -
  Physician, Surgeon, General Practitioner 22 Show data context -
  Dentist 13 Show data context -
  Medical Student, Assistant 4 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Midwife - 2 Show data context
  Subordinate Medical Service 2 Show data context 28 Show data context
  Schoolmaster 100 Show data context 201 Show data context
  Teacher, Professor, Lecturer 7 Show data context 24 Show data context
  School Service, and others connected with teaching 3 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Author, Editor, Journalist 7 Show data context -
  Reporter, Short-hand Writer 2 Show data context -
  Literary, Scientific, Institution, Service, &c. 2 Show data context -
  Civil Engineer 13 Show data context -
  Mining Engineer 1 Show data context -
  Land, House, Ship, Surveyor 5 Show data context -
  Painter (artist) 12 Show data context -
  Engraver (artist) 3 Show data context -
  Sculptor 1 Show data context -
  Architect 23 Show data context -
  Musician, Music Master 35 Show data context 18 Show data context
  Art Student 5 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Photographer 11 Show data context 12 Show data context
  Actor - 1 Show data context
  Art, Music, Theatre Service 2 Show data context -
  Performer, Showman, Exhibition, Service 4 Show data context 3 Show data context
  Billiard, Cricket & other Games, Service 7 Show data context 1 Show data context
4. PERSONS ENGAGED IN DOMESTIC OFFICES OR SERVICES. 392 Show data context 3,210 Show data context
  Domestic Coachman, Groom 102 Show data context -
  Domestic Gardener 113 Show data context -
  Domestic Indoor Servant 107 Show data context 2,798 Show data context
  Lodge, Gate, Park Keeper (not Government) 1 Show data context -
  Inn, Hotel Servant 50 Show data context 54 Show data context
  College, Club Service 1 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Office Keeper (not Government) - 10 Show data context
  Charwoman - 182 Show data context
  Washing and Bathing Service 1 Show data context 127 Show data context
  Hospital and Institution Service 15 Show data context 37 Show data context
  Others engaged in Service 2 Show data context 1 Show data context
5. PERSONS ENGAGED IN COMMERCIAL OCCUPATIONS. 498 Show data context 15 Show data context
  Merchant 4 Show data context -
  Broker, Agent, Factor 23 Show data context -
  Auctioneer, Appraiser, Valuer, House Agent 29 Show data context -
  Accountant 13 Show data context -
  Salesman, Buyer (not otherwise specified) 1 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Commercial Traveller 107 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Commercial Clerk 242 Show data context 12 Show data context
  Officer of Commercial Company, Guild, Society &c. 3 Show data context -
  Banker 4 Show data context -
  Bank Service 47 Show data context -
  Life, House, Ship &c., Insurance Service 25 Show data context -
6. PERSONS ENGAGED IN CONVEYANCE OF MEN, GOODS, AND MESSAGES. 1,632 Show data context 19 Show data context
  Railway Engine Driver, Stoker 406 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Railway Guard 192 Show data context -
  Pointsman, Level Crossing Man 48 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Other Railway Officials and Servants 592 Show data context 4 Show data context
  Toll Collector, Turnpike Gate Keeper 3 Show data context -
  Omnibus, Coach, Cab, Owner - Livery Stable Keeper 5 Show data context -
  Cabman, Flyman, Coachman (not domestic) 33 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Carman, Carrier, Carter, Haulier 196 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Bargeman, Lighterman, Waterman 1 Show data context -
  Navigation Service (on shore) 1 Show data context -
  Seaman (Merchant Service) 21 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Ship Steward, Cook 2 Show data context -
  Harbour, Dock, Wharf, Lighthouse Service 3 Show data context -
  Warehouseman (not Manchester) 25 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Meter, Weigher 1 Show data context -
  Messenger, Porter, Watchman (not Railway or Government) 88 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Telegraph, Telephone Service 15 Show data context 5 Show data context
7. PERSONS ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE. 1,728 Show data context 196 Show data context
  Farmer, Grazier 369 Show data context 35 Show data context
  Farmer's, Grazier's - Son, Grandson, Brother, Nephew 237 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Farm Bailiff 16 Show data context -
  Agricultural Labourer, Farm Servant, Cottager 928 Show data context 145 Show data context
  Shepherd 11 Show data context -
  Land Drainage Service (not in towns) 5 Show data context -
  Woodman 7 Show data context -
  Nurseryman, Seedsman, Florist 32 Show data context 5 Show data context
  Gardener (not domestic) 123 Show data context 9 Show data context
8. PERSONS ENGAGED ABOUT ANIMALS. 176 Show data context -
  Horse Proprietor, Breeder, Dealer 14 Show data context -
  Groom, Horse-keeper, Horse-breaker 45 Show data context -
  Veterinary Surgeon, Farrier 7 Show data context -
  Cattle, Sheep, Pig - Dealer, Salesman 34 Show data context -
  Drover 14 Show data context -
  Gamekeeper 19 Show data context -
  Dog, Bird, Animal - Keeper, Dealer 2 Show data context -
  Vermin Destroyer 3 Show data context -
  Fisherman 37 Show data context -
  Knacker, Catsmeat Dealer &c &c. 1 Show data context -
9. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN BOOKS, PRINTS, AND MAPS. 266 Show data context 41 Show data context
  Publisher, Bookseller, Librarian 31 Show data context 3 Show data context
  Music-Publisher, Seller, Printer 1 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Bookbinder 20 Show data context 26 Show data context
  Printer 161 Show data context 9 Show data context
  Newspaper Agent, News Room Keeper 2 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Lithographer, Lithographic Printer 51 Show data context -
10. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS. 478 Show data context 9 Show data context
  Engine, Machine Maker 65 Show data context -
  Millwright 31 Show data context -
  Fitter, Turner (Engine and Machine) 218 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Boiler Maker 59 Show data context -
  Spinning and Weaving Machine Maker 14 Show data context 4 Show data context
  Agricultural Machine and Implement Maker 14 Show data context -
  Tool Maker, Dealer 6 Show data context -
  Cutler, Scissors Maker 4 Show data context -
  Saw Maker 2 Show data context -
  Watch Maker, Clock Maker 43 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Electrical Apparatus Maker 2 Show data context -
  Weighing and Measuring Apparatus Maker 2 Show data context -
  Gunsmith, Gun Manufacturer 2 Show data context -
  Musical Instrument Maker, Dealer 7 Show data context -
  Type Cutter, Founder 1 Show data context -
  Die, Seal, Coin, Medal Maker 1 Show data context -
  Toy Maker, Dealer - 2 Show data context
  Fishing Rod, Tackle, Maker, Dealer 5 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Apparatus for other games, Maker, Dealer 2 Show data context -
11. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN HOUSES, FURNITURE, AND DECORATIONS. 1,714 Show data context 22 Show data context
  Builder 58 Show data context -
  Carpenter, Joiner 525 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Bricklayer 198 Show data context -
  Mason 373 Show data context -
  Slater, Tiler 35 Show data context -
  Plasterer, Whitewasher 74 Show data context -
  Paperhanger 1 Show data context -
  Plumber 103 Show data context -
  Painter, Glazier 183 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Cabinet Maker 108 Show data context 16 Show data context
  French Polisher 16 Show data context -
  Furniture Broker, Dealer 2 Show data context 4 Show data context
  Locksmith, Bellhanger 1 Show data context -
  Gas Fitter 13 Show data context -
  House and Shop Fittings - Maker, Dealer 2 Show data context -
  Funeral Furniture Maker, Undertaker 1 Show data context -
  Wood Carver 6 Show data context -
  Carver, Gilder 15 Show data context -
12. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN CARRIAGES AND HARNESS. 151 Show data context -
  Coachmaker 86 Show data context -
  Railway Carriage, Railway Wagon, Maker 6 Show data context -
  Wheelwright 14 Show data context -
  Bicycle, Tricycle - Maker, Dealer 1 Show data context -
  Others 6 Show data context -
  Saddler, Harness, Whip Maker 38 Show data context -
13. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN SHIPS AND BOATS. 6 Show data context -
  Ship, Boat, Barge Builder 3 Show data context -
  Shipwright, Ship Carpenter (ashore) 3 Show data context -
14. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN CHEMICALS AND COMPOUNDS. 56 Show data context 3 Show data context
  Dye, Paint Manufacture 4 Show data context -
  Chemist, Druggist 47 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Manufacturing Chemist 4 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Drysalter 1 Show data context -
15. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN TOBACCO AND PIPES. 14 Show data context 4 Show data context
  Tobacco Manufacture, Tobacconist 10 Show data context 3 Show data context
  Tobacco Pipe, Snuff Box &c. Maker 4 Show data context 1 Show data context
16. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN FOOD AND LODGING. 968 Show data context 430 Show data context
  Innkeeper, Hotel Keeper, Publican 87 Show data context 45 Show data context
  Lodging, Boarding House Keeper 1 Show data context 75 Show data context
  Coffee, Eating House, Keeper 6 Show data context 3 Show data context
  Hop - Merchant, Dealer 2 Show data context -
  Maltster 11 Show data context -
  Brewer 35 Show data context -
  Beerseller, Ale, Porter, Cider Dealer 4 Show data context 5 Show data context
  Cellarman 5 Show data context -
  Wine, Spirit - Merchant, Agent 35 Show data context 3 Show data context
  Milkseller, Dairyman 14 Show data context 9 Show data context
  Cheesemonger, Butterman 1 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Butcher, Meat Salesman 136 Show data context 16 Show data context
  Provision Curer, Dealer 38 Show data context 14 Show data context
  Poulterer, Game Dealer 2 Show data context -
  Fishmonger 16 Show data context 6 Show data context
  Corn, Flour, Seed Merchant, Dealer 20 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Corn Miller 36 Show data context -
  Baker 179 Show data context 70 Show data context
  Confectioner, Pastrycook 34 Show data context 78 Show data context
  Greengrocer, Fruiterer 9 Show data context 8 Show data context
  Sugar Refiner 1 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Grocer. Tea, Coffee, Chocolate Maker, Dealer 288 Show data context 93 Show data context
  Ginger Beer, Mineral Water Manufacturer, Dealer 8 Show data context 1 Show data context
17. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN TEXTILE FABRICS. 930 Show data context 1,791 Show data context
  Woolstapler 2 Show data context -
  Woollen Cloth Manufacture 102 Show data context 155 Show data context
  Wool, Woollen goods - Dyer, Printer 4 Show data context -
  Worsted, Stuff, Manufacture - 1 Show data context
  Silk, Silk Goods, Manufacture 3 Show data context 6 Show data context
  Silk Dyer, Printer 1 Show data context -
  Cotton, Cotton Goods Manufacture 361 Show data context 1,526 Show data context
  Cotton, Calico - Printer, Dyer, Bleacher 142 Show data context 16 Show data context
  Cotton, Calico - Warehouseman, Dealer 3 Show data context -
  Flax, Linen - Manufacturer, Dealer 6 Show data context -
  Lace Manufacturer, Dealer - 1 Show data context
  Thread Manufacturer, Dealer 1 Show data context -
  Rope, Twine, Cord - Maker, Dealer 19 Show data context -
  Mat Maker, Seller 2 Show data context -
  Net Maker 1 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Sacking, Sack, Bag - Maker, Dealer - 2 Show data context
  Weaver (undefined) 17 Show data context 47 Show data context
  Dyer, Printer, Scourer, Bleacher, Calenderer (undefined) 42 Show data context 3 Show data context
  Factory Hand (textile, undefined) 35 Show data context 10 Show data context
  Carpet, Rug Manufacture 2 Show data context -
  Manchester Warehouseman 1 Show data context -
  Draper, Linen Draper, Mercer 182 Show data context 13 Show data context
  Fancy Goods (Textile) Manufacturer, Worker, Dealer 2 Show data context 8 Show data context
  Trimming Maker, Dealer 1 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Others 1 Show data context -
18. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN DRESS. 842 Show data context 1,030 Show data context
  Hatter, Hat Manufacture 155 Show data context 73 Show data context
  Tailor 334 Show data context 27 Show data context
  Milliner, Dressmaker, Staymaker - 804 Show data context
  Shirt Maker, Seamstress - 107 Show data context
  Hosiery Manufacture 4 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Hosier, Haberdasher 26 Show data context 5 Show data context
  Glover, Glove Maker 2 Show data context -
  Shoe, Boot - Maker, Dealer 194 Show data context 7 Show data context
  Patten, Clog Maker 88 Show data context -
  Wig Maker, Hair Dresser 33 Show data context -
  Umbrella, Parasol, Stick - Maker, Dealer 4 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Old Clothes Dealer, and others 2 Show data context 3 Show data context
19. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN VARIOUS ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 125 Show data context 4 Show data context
  Tallow Chandler, Candle, Grease Manufacture 8 Show data context -
  Manure Manufacture 16 Show data context -
  Comb Maker 1 Show data context -
  Furrier, Skinner 4 Show data context 3 Show data context
  Tanner, Fellmonger 38 Show data context -
  Currier 55 Show data context -
  Leather Goods, Portmanteau, Bag, Strap &c., Maker, Dealer 1 Show data context -
  Brush, Broom, Maker 2 Show data context -
  Quill, Feather - Dresser, Dealer - 1 Show data context
20. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN VARIOUS VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES. 179 Show data context 57 Show data context
  Others 4 Show data context -
  Willow, Cane, Rush Worker, Dealer, Basketmaker 17 Show data context 3 Show data context
  Hay, Straw (not plait), Chaff, Cutter, Dealer 4 Show data context -
  Timber, Wood - Merchant, Dealer 20 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Sawyer 45 Show data context -
  Lath, Wooden Fence, Hurdle Maker 3 Show data context -
  Wood Turner, Box Maker 10 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Cooper, Hoop Maker, Bender 17 Show data context -
  Cork, Bark - Cutter, Worker, Dealer 11 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Paper Manufacture 25 Show data context 27 Show data context
  Envelope Maker - 1 Show data context
  Stationer, Law Stationer 18 Show data context 10 Show data context
  Card, Pattern Card Maker 1 Show data context -
  Paper Stainer - 5 Show data context
  Paper Box, Paper Bag Maker - 7 Show data context
  Ticket, Label Writer 1 Show data context -
  Others 3 Show data context -
21. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN VARIOUS MINERAL SUBSTANCES. 1,251 Show data context 15 Show data context
  Coal Miner 24 Show data context -
  Ironstone Miner 5 Show data context -
  Lead Miner 1 Show data context -
  Coal Merchant 31 Show data context -
  Coalheaver 7 Show data context -
  Gas Works Service 41 Show data context -
  Stone Quarrier 47 Show data context -
  Stone Cutter, Dresser, Dealer 12 Show data context -
  Slate Worker, Dealer 2 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Well Sinker, Borer 2 Show data context -
  Brick, Tile - Maker, Burner, Dealer 49 Show data context -
  Paviour 8 Show data context -
  Road Contractor, Surveyor, Inspector 3 Show data context -
  Road Labourer 9 Show data context -
  Railway Contractor 9 Show data context -
  Platelayer 76 Show data context -
  Railway Labourer, Navvy 208 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Others 27 Show data context -
  Earthenware, China, Porcelain, Manufacture 1 Show data context -
  Earthenware, China, Glass Dealer 11 Show data context 5 Show data context
  Waterworks Service 2 Show data context -
  Goldsmith, Silversmith, Jeweller 13 Show data context -
  [Iron Manufacture] 256 Show data context -
  Blacksmith 279 Show data context 2 Show data context
  Whitesmith 14 Show data context -
  Nail Manufacture 27 Show data context -
  Anchor, Chain Manufacture 3 Show data context -
  Ironmonger. Hardware Dealer, Merchant 44 Show data context 2 Show data context
  [Coppersmith] 4 Show data context -
  Tin, Tin Plate, Tin Goods - Manufacturer, Worker, Dealer 27 Show data context 3 Show data context
  Metal Refiner, Worker, Turner, Dealer 2 Show data context -
  Brass, Bronze Manufacture. Brazier 2 Show data context -
  Wire Maker, Worker, Weaver, Drawer 3 Show data context -
  Bolt, Nut, Rivet, Screw, Staple Maker 2 Show data context -
22. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN GENERAL OR UNSPECIFIED COMMODITIES. 1,338 Show data context 194 Show data context
  General Shopkeeper, Dealer 27 Show data context 39 Show data context
  Pawnbroker 7 Show data context 4 Show data context
  Costermonger, Huckster, Street Seller 59 Show data context 77 Show data context
  Manufacturer, Manager, Superintendant (undefined) 6 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Contractor (undefined) 4 Show data context -
  General Labourer 959 Show data context 25 Show data context
  Engine Driver, Stoker, Fireman (not railway, marine or agricultural) 139 Show data context -
  Artizan, Mechanic (undefined) 85 Show data context 16 Show data context
  Apprentice (undefined) 6 Show data context 1 Show data context
  Factory Labourer (undefined) 44 Show data context 28 Show data context
  Machinist, Machine Worker (undefined) 2 Show data context 3 Show data context
23. PERSONS WORKING AND DEALING IN REFUSE MATTERS. 20 Show data context 5 Show data context
  Town Drainage Service 2 Show data context -
  Chimney Sweep, Soot Merchant 12 Show data context -
  Scavenger, Crossing Sweeper 2 Show data context -
  Rag Gatherer, Dealer 4 Show data context 5 Show data context
24. PERSONS WITHOUT SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS. 332 Show data context 2,414 Show data context
  Persons returned by Property, Rank &c. and not special occupation 332 Show data context 2,414 Show data context
[UNKNOWN OCCUPATION] 114 Show data context 6,146 Show data context
  [Occupation recorded but of unknown meaning] 12 Show data context 6 Show data context
  [Blank field, or illegible] 102 Show data context 6,140 Show data context

Notes:

The following notes to the table appeared in the original report.

1 This table is a very special case: The original Table 10 as published by Division in the 1881 census reports was limited to data for Registration Divisions, their component Registration Counties, and just those Urban Sanitary Districts with populations of over 50,000. Data presented here for counties and higher-level units are taken from the published reports, as usual, but we also include in A Vision of Britain through Time data for Registration Districts, sub-Districts and Civil Parishes which never appeared in the original reports. These were specially created for us by the History Data Service at the University of Essex and derive from the complete transcription of the individual-level Enumerators Book data coordinated by the Genealogical Society of Utah.
2 In creating these data, each occupation listed in the enumerators books has been assigned as far as possible to the relevant category used in the published reports, but some additional categories with labels in square brackets unavoidably appear. Unlike the published statistics for higher-level units, these specially-calculated data for districts and parishes include persons under 15 or over 65. For these and other reasons, no attempt has been made to ensure that county totals for the districts or parishes match the published county totals. The remaining notes are those that appeared below the original published table.
3 NOTE.--Persons returned as engaged in more than one occupation have been referred to the one that appeared to be of most importance; or if there was no difference in this respect, to the one first given by the person in his or her return. In some cases special rules have been followed: e.g. "Clergyman and Schoolmaster" in combination has always been referred to "Schoolmaster"; a Member of Parliament or Peer engaged in any branch of commerce or industry has always been referred to this latter, not to "Peer, M.P.".
4 The numbers returned under any heading include Labourers, Apprentices, and Assistants, as well as Masters, but not Clerks, Messengers, Errand boys, Porters, or Watchmen, for which occupations there are special headings. Civil, Military, and Naval Clerks, Law, Bank, Insurance, and Railway Clerks, and Government and Railway Porters, are, however, exceptions to this rule. Many young persons, being Apprentices or Assistants, have therefore been referred to occupations usually followed by adults. Women also, chiefly widows or orphans carrying on the business of their deceased husbands or fathers, will sometimes be found under occupations commonly followed by men only.
5 Persons returned as retired from any business have not been referred to that business. Inmates of workhouses have been referred to their trades, unless their age or infirmities showed that they were past work. But persons who might be supposed to be only temporarily separated from their usual employment, such as Prisoners, and Patients in General Hospitals, have been classed under their usual occupations.
6 In some cases, for convenience of space, the male designation, e.g. "Schoolmaster", alone is given, instead of "Schoolmaster, Schoolmistress".

Click on the triangles for all about a particular number.

This website does not try to provide an exact replica of the original printed census tables, which often had thousands of rows and far more columns than will fit on our web pages. Instead, we let you drill down from national totals to the most detailed data available. The column headings are those that appeared in the original printed report. The numbers presented here, which are the same ones we use to create statistical maps and graphs, come from the census table and have usually been carefully checked.

The system can only hold statistics for units listed in our administrative gazetteer, so some rows from the original table may be missing. Sometimes big low-level units, like urban parishes, were divided between more than one higher-level units, like Registration sub-Districts. This is why some pages will give a higher figure for a lower-level unit: it covers the whole of the lower-level unit, not just the part within the current higher-level unit.


Acknowledgments:

We are grateful to the following contributors. If you make use of the data in your own work, please follow any instructions given here on acknowledgment and re-use.

(1) Kevin Schurer (Department of Geography, University of Cambridge). Role: editor. Restrictions on use: the data cannot be accessed, although the Vision of Britain system may present them graphically (any other use requires the contributor's permission.)

(2) Matthew Woollard (UK Data Service, University of Essex). Role: editor. Restrictions on use: the data cannot be accessed, although the Vision of Britain system may present them graphically (any other use requires the contributor's permission.)